July 6, 2016, +972 Magazine http://972mag.com (Israel)
The Israeli public and its
government need to internalize that ‘Israel’s pride,’ its wildly successful
military export industry, has been an unending nightmare for the people of
Africa. How can Netanyahu look the Rwandan and Ugandan people in the eyes?
By Itay Mack*
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is
currently on a tour of African states of Uganda, Rwanda, Ethiopia and Kenya.
For decades, Israel’s relationship with the
African continent, from South Africa to the Sahara, has been almost entirely
based on military and arms exports that have fueled oppression, civil wars and
murderous
dictatorships.
Until 1967, the State of Israel was recognized
in many circles as a success in the anti-colonialist struggle. Independent
African states received military and civil aid from Israel, and in return,
voted with it in the United Nations. Jerusalem even condemned apartheid, racism
and discrimination at the time. Israel’s ties with African states became even
stronger following the Suez Crisis in 1956, when Prime Minister David
Ben-Gurion developed the “Periphery
Doctrine.”
According to that doctrine, in order to weaken
the surrounding enemy Arab states, Israel needed to establish alliances with
states in the periphery of the Middle East, like Ethiopia, and establish
alliances with minority groups in enemy Arab states, like the Christian rebels
in southern Sudan. It was in the framework of the Periphery Doctrine that
Israel built its strong alliance with Uganda, which at the time — and to
this day — served as a channel for the flow of Israeli military aid to
South Sudan.
After the 1967 war and the ensuing Israeli
occupation of Syrian and Egyptian territory, the occupation of the West Bank
and Gaza, and the birth of the settlement enterprise, criticism of Israel began
to grow in volume. In the eyes of much of the world, the State of Israel had
become an occupying and colonialist regime. At the same time, Arab states began
sending money and oil to fragile African states.
Soon after the end of the Yom Kippur War in
1973, many unaligned states, and almost all African states, cut their
diplomatic ties with Israel. And as Israel became more isolated, it started
building security-based relationships with some of the most brutal regimes in
Africa, Latin America, Asia and the Caribbean.
Cold War, cold economic interests
The logic behind the military exports to many
of these countries was purely economic, like with Burundi and the Central
African Republic. Other relationships served clearer strategic interests of
Israel and the United States as part of the Cold War, such as with Zaire and
Chad. Yet other relationships ran far deeper, like that with the Apartheid
regime in South Africa. In other cases, Israel sold arms to both sides in a
conflict, like the civil wars in Angola and Nigeria.
By 1973, Israel’s impressive civilian projects
in Africa in the 1950s and 60s were long forgotten — they became nothing
more than one drop in a sea of weapons and military exports. That was
especially true in the 1990s, when many African states began re-establishing
diplomatic ties with Israel. What is the actual benefit for Guineans of an
Israeli-built hospital when Israel is also arming and training the security
forces that are murdering and torturing them?
One can presume that while in Rwanda Netanyahu
will visit the Genocide Memorial Centre, but will he mention that the genocide
was carried out partly with Israeli weapons?
How will Netanyahu look into the eyes of
Rwandans while Israel continues its military exports even in recent years, even
as Rwanda supports murderous militias in neighboring states, and which is
considered to be one of the worst states in Africa with regards to domestic freedoms,
in which opposition activists, human rights activists and journalists are
kidnapped, tortured, killed and disappeared? Will Netanyahu visit the refugees
in Uganda who came from South Sudan fleeing the Juba government’s security
forces and militias, which use Israeli weapons and surveillance systems to
carry out crimes against humanity?
Will Netanyahu apologize to the citizens of
Ethiopia for the aid Israel gave the military junta that murdered hundreds of
thousands there? Will he try and explain why Israel still provides the
oppressive, one-party regime there military and security assistance? What will
Netanyahu say to the citizens of Kenya, who suffer at the hands of
Israeli-supported, notoriously corrupt security forces, which are known to
murder, torture and disappear civilians? Will Netanyahu apologize to the
citizens of Uganda for the military aid, for Israel’s contributions to the
country’s corruption and its forces of oppression in recent years? Or perhaps
for Israel’s responsibility, directly or indirectly, for the rise of Idi Amin
in 1971, and for the widespread oppression and violations of human rights even
before that?
Propping up a murderous dictator
Israel adopted Idi Amin and helped him
consolidate his power ahead of the revolution he led in January 1971. During
the coup and immediately afterward, Amin carried out a murderous cleansing
campaign, including of sick people snatched out of their hospital beds. Amin’s
security forces tortured, disappeared and murdered massive numbers of citizens,
sometimes entire families, displaying extraordinary cruelty. Among other
atrocious acts, prisoners’ heads were shaved with broken glass and then beaten
with water pipes and hammers. Kidnapped people were buried alive, ears and
limbs were amputated, and bodies were defiled. Family members who approached
authorities hoping to discover the fate of their loved ones were often tortured
and murdered themselves, others were released only after their limbs were
chopped off. Women were kidnapped and brought to military bases where they were
systematically raped, only some of whom were ever released alive.
The story of the backing Israel gave Idi Amin
has been told no few times, but a 1986 report
of the Rwanda Truth Commission reveals additional details about Israel’s
deep involvement, which closely resembled the military aid Israel gave the
Pinochet regime in Chile and others elsewhere. According to the report,
immediately following the coup, Amin asked Israel to help him establish a new
Ugandan Shin Bet, Israel’s internal intelligence agency. That is how Israeli
instructors ended up training the Ugandan secret police, which terrorized the
country’s population into submission.
Nobody in the world was surprised by sadistic
and murderous behavior of Idi Amin when he came to power — he was known as
a murderous sadist long before, during his time in the British army serving in
Kenya, and after that when he was responsible for mass arrests and mass murders
in Uganda in the 1960s. Despite all that, Israel did not seem to care much
about the monster it helped put into power. Yet Israel was insulted when in
1972 Amin ordered all of the Israelis in Uganda to leave, and was surprised by
Amin’s ingratitude after all of the weapons and training it had given his
security forces and intelligence agencies since the 1960s.
The truth always comes out, eventually
Israel’s attempts to push under the rug its
support for the men responsible for some of the worst atrocities in recent
African history is destined to fail. Just as Israel’s support keeps coming to
light in the trials of generals in Latin America, the ghosts of Israel’s past
in Africa will also continue to haunt it.
Only recently was former Chadian president
Hissène Habré, responsible for the deaths and disappearances of some 40,000
people, sentenced to life in prison for crimes against humanity. In the 1980s,
Habré’s security forces and intelligence agencies received
support from Israel in the form of arms and military training, as part of
the fight against Libya’s Muammar Gadhafi. During the trial of Charles Taylor,
the murderous dictator of Liberia, one of his commanders, nicknamed “Zigzag,”
testified that a few years earlier he had sliced open pregnant women’s bellies
and crushed babies heads, and also how he received specialized training in
Israel, even receiving an official certificate from the Israeli government.
The Israeli public and its government need to
internalize that “Israel’s pride,” its wildly successful military export industry,
has been an unending nightmare for the people of Africa. In no small number of
places across the continent, Israeli military exports still stand in the way of
transitions to democracy.
Guns, UN votes, and ‘Palestinian diplomatic terrorism’
Despite all that, Israel continues to prefer
iron-fisted and oppressive dictatorships that will vote with it at the United
Nations instead of taking its chances with public opinion in democratic
countries, countries whose peoples who have a long lists of grievances with
Israel over its involvement in their oppression — past and present.
At a recent meeting of the Knesset’s Foreign
Affairs and Defense Committee, representatives of Israel’s Foreign Ministry
complained of the hardships they face in democratic countries in Latin America,
and the success of “Palestinian diplomatic terrorism” in those states. In
comparison, the Israeli diplomats pointed with great pride to the close
relations with the regime in Honduras, a country that had a military coup in
2009, which is undergoing a process of militarization, and whose security forces
are known to assassinate human rights activists, workers’ rights activists, and
those fighting for indigenous rights.
Considering the fact that Israel’s history in
Africa continues to repeat itself to this day, in places like South Sudan,
maybe it would have been better if Netanyahu had avoided the costly and
embarrassing visit altogether — for the benefit of Israel’s citizens as
well as those in the countries he is visiting.
In order to fundamentally change Israel’s
relationship with the citizens of Africa, it not only needs to limit the
exports of military goods and services to countries that violate human rights
and international law, it also needs to change its approach to African asylum
refugees that have wound up in Israel. If Israel wants to turn a new leaf with
the peoples of Africa, it needs open up its files documenting its illegal
and immoral involvement in some of the continent’s worst regimes and their
crimes.
The government must open criminal
investigations and bring to justice those Israeli arms exporters who aided and
abetted war crimes, crimes against humanity, and grave human rights
violations — including those Defense Ministry officials who approved such
deals and exports. Israel must weigh paying reparations where it is appropriate,
and it must directly and unconditionally apologize to the peoples of Africa,
who for decades suffered the consequences of its military exports.
During the ceremony at the Entebbe airport
marking the death of his brother, Yoni, Netanyahu expected the citizens of
Israel — and the world — to mourn with him. But like all of his
predecessors in the Israeli Prime Minister’s Office, Netanyahu appears unmoved
by the suffering and loss of life on the continent that has occurred as a
result of Israeli exports and destructive foreign policy.
*Itay Mack is a Jerusalem-based human rights lawyer and activist, who
specializes in public monitoring of Israel’s arms trade. This article was
first published in Hebrew on Local Call. Read it here.
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